![]() While this constraint is aligned with the assumption of constant failure rate of power converters in the past (e.g., in the middle phase of the bathtub curve), the same condition is not applicable for modern power converters whose useful life is expected to cover also the initial phase of the wear-out period. One main constraint of the MC model is that the probability of transitioning between states (i.e., failure rate) is constant, e.g., λ(t) = λ. In the previous research, the reliability analysis of faulttolerant power converters is carried out using a Markov Chain (MC) model, , which represents the power converter in several states together with the probability of transition between states as shown in Fig.
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